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The history of slavery in the United States (1619-1865) began soon after the English colonists first settled in Virginia and lasted until the passage of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In the very early decades of the institution, there was indentured servitude, which typically lasted a period of four to seven years for white and black alike; by 1662 the American incarnation of slavery was established by court ruling. By the end of the 17th century slavery was far more common in the Southern colonies than in the North.
From about the 1640s until 1865, people of African descent were legally enslaved within the boundaries of the present United States, mostly by whites, but also by a number of American Indians and free blacks. The vast majority of this slaveholding was in the southern United States; approximately one Southern family in four held slaves prior to war. According to the 1860 U.S. census, fewer than 385,000 individuals (i.e. 1.4% of White Americans in the country, or 4.8% of southern whites) owned one or more slaves. 95% of blacks lived in the South, comprising one-third of the population there as opposed to 1% of the population of the North.
The wealth of the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century was greatly enhanced by this exploitation of negro race slaves. But with the Northern victory in the Civil War, the slave-labor system was abolished in the south and the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable. Northern industry, which had expanded rapidly before and during the war, surged even further ahead of the South's agricultural economy. Industrialists came to dominate many aspects of the nation's life, including social and political affairs. The planter aristocracy of the South disappeared. The rapid economic development following the Civil War laid the groundwork for the modern U.S. industrial economy.
Approximately 12 million Black Africans were shipped to the Americas from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Of these, 5.4% (645,000) were brought to what is now the United States. The slave population in the U.S. had grown to 4 million by the 1860 Census.
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